Echocardiography Techniques II Exam 1 Practice

These questions are part of the practice quiz. Start practicing

• Which type of laminar flow moves fastest in the center and slower toward the walls?
• Bright echoes with diastolic doming of the anterior mitral leaflet, anterior movement of the posterior mitral leaflet, LAE, decreased EF slope, and risk of atrial fibrillation, pulmonary hypertension, and thrombi are characteristic of which condition?
• Which Doppler modality detects both low and high velocity flow, measures the entire beam, and has no gate?
• What is the Nyquist limit, and how does aliasing occur in color Doppler?
• The mean velocity converts into the ______.
• What is the normal LV posterior wall thickness in diastole (LVPWd)?
• What are the limitations of planimetry for assessing MVA in MS?
• MV/TV opens at the ______ and closes at the _____
• Paradoxical wall motion describes walls moving in which direction?
• Which valve has the highest normal peak velocity range?
• What is the normal interventricular septal thickness in diastole (IVSd)?
• What are the common applications and limitations of right ventricular strain imaging?
• Which of the following is an indication for transesophageal echocardiography?
• TAPSE is used to assess which aspect of right heart function?
• What is systolic anterior motion (SAM) of the mitral valve and how does it cause dynamic LVOT obstruction?
• VMax calculates ______
• How is stroke volume calculated using the LVOT method?
• Which echocardiographic signs indicate pericardial effusion and possible tamponade?
• What is measured from the start of the E wave to the peak of the A wave?
• Which color coding reflects flow away from the transducer in the aortic valve mapping?
• Paradoxical wall motion is best described as walls moving in which direction?
• PV/AoV stenosis look like on Doppler?
• What are the typical EROA thresholds used to grade aortic regurgitation severity by PISA?
• Diastolic function grade integration approach?
• Aliasing occurs in Doppler spectra when which limit is exceeded?
• Which factor is a primary cause of increased velocity in a vessel with narrowed lumen?
• Which principle is used to estimate pressure differences within the heart by measuring blood flow velocity?
• Parallel streamlines are disturbed; found at bifurcations.
• What is the normal diastolic pressure of the aorta?
• A measure of a medium's resistance to acceleration; greater mass yields resistance.
• In color Doppler imaging, red to yellow hues indicate flow moving toward the transducer.
• Explain the continuity equation for calculating AVA.
• Define global longitudinal strain (GLS) and its typical normal range.
• What is the density of blood?
• A left atrial dilation (LAE) is identified by which finding?
• What is the normal peak velocity range for the mitral valve (MV)?
• How does 3D echocardiography improve LV volume and EF assessment compared with the 2D Simpson method?
• What is the normal right ventricular internal diameter in diastole (RVIDd)?
• What is the normal range for the E-F slope?
• Which measurement has a normal range of 0.6-1 cm?
• Doppler spectral display is primarily used to assess which two aspects of flow?
• What is the normal left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVidd)?
• Which parameter represents the highest velocity point in flow measurements?
• Which feature is most important to consider when estimating PASP from the TR jet?
• The normal LV end-diastolic dimension (LVidd) lies in which range?
• Evaluation parameters for AS vs AR?
• What are typical features of aortic root pathology on echocardiography?
• Role of AVA by continuity equation in AS assessment?
• Caused by an increase in LVEDP (>20mmHg); etiologies include MR and AR, EPSS shows LV dilation.
• Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area (PISA) method is used to quantify what aspect of valvular regurgitation?
• P wave indicates ______
• In the Doppler frequency shift equation Δf = 2 f v cos(θ) / c, what does θ represent?
• Which left-sided diastolic sign is used in grading diastolic function?
• Which Doppler technique avoids aliasing by sampling along the entire beam?
• Which Doppler technique is site-specific, steerable, and detects low-velocity flow?
• Abnormal wave form for MV/TV stenosis on Doppler typically shows which feature?
• Why is 3D echocardiography particularly useful for surgical planning of the mitral valve?
• What advantage does 3D color Doppler offer in quantifying mitral regurgitation?
• How do you differentiate true severe AS from pseudosevere AS in low-output states?
• What is the general phenomenon describing the change in frequency of a wave due to the relative motion between the source and observer?
• You only measure systole (baseline-peak-baseline) when finding ______ or mean velocity.
• Which of the following describes the normal flow pattern in vessels?
• QRS indicates ______
• What is the normal left atrial pressure range?
• Which measurement is defined as the velocity from the start of the E wave to the peak of the A wave?
• The maximum Doppler shift is 2 m/s and equals one-half of the pulse repetition frequency. What is this limit called?
• How does stress echocardiography aid in diagnosing myocardial ischemia?
• Strategies differentiate artifacts from true pathology?
• How is LV mass calculated in 2D echocardiography?
• What are key limitations of applying the PISA method to MR quantification?
• Which sequence accurately describes using the biplane Simpson method to calculate LV end-diastolic volume in 2D transthoracic echocardiography?
• What is the normal systolic pressure of the aorta?
• What is the normal range of the aortic root (AOR) diameter?
• Which imaging modality is best for evaluating the left atrial appendage for thrombus?
• Hammocking of the anterior mitral leaflet in systole is associated with which phenomenon?
• What is the normal peak velocity range for the tricuspid valve (TV)?
• The change in frequency when sound is reflected by moving objects is called ______
• How is the Qp:Qs ratio estimated using Doppler-derived stroke volumes?
• In LVOT-based stroke volume measurement, what is the first step?
• Which type of laminar flow assumes uniform velocity across the flow?
• VTI calculates _____
• Which condition is described by bright echoes with diastolic doming of the AML and LAE?
• What is a foreshortened apical window, and why does it bias LV function assessment?
• Left atrial dilation should prompt assessment for which condition?
• What is the normal peak velocity range for the RVOT/pulmonary valve?
• Which strategy is used to avoid aliasing in Doppler spectra?
• Ultrasound contrast is recommended in echocardiography when...
• As flow velocity increases, how does Doppler shift change?
• Which description matches congestive heart failure due to the listed etiologies?
• What is the normal EPSS range?
• How is right atrial pressure estimated using IVC diameter and collapsibility?
• Which statement best describes TAPSE measurement?
• What diagnostic technique uses sound waves reflected off red blood cells to measure blood flow velocity and direction, typically displayed as a time-velocity graph?
• Abnormal wave form for MV/TV regurgitation would most likely present as which pattern?
• Which statement best describes a high-velocity jet due to valve stenosis on Doppler?
• In tracing LV endocardial borders for the biplane Simpson method, which structures must be excluded from the endocardial border?
• Which of the following sets lists the causes of diastolic flow disturbances?
• What is the mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure as listed?
• Which of the following is NOT a contraindication to pharmacologic stress echocardiography?
• Dilated LV with poorly contracting septal and posterior walls, poor EF% (normal is 55-70%), thin walls; etiologies include coronary heart disease, heart attack, HTN, diabetes, thyroid disease, viral Hepatitis, HIV, and alcohol.
• What color indicates flow away from the transducer in the aortic view?
• Blood flow depends on which four factors?
• Which pairing correctly matches the color directions for aortic and pulmonary valve flows?
• The more ______ to flow, the higher the velocity.
• The E/e' ratio is used to estimate which physiologic parameter?
• In color Doppler, if a regurgitant jet travels toward the transducer in the PV view, which color would you expect to see?
• In Doppler ultrasound, which quantity is primarily used to estimate flow velocity?
• In color Doppler imaging, dark blue to lighter blue hues indicate flow moving away from the transducer.
• Pulsed Wave Doppler is used to measure velocity at a specific location within a vessel using a gate.
• What is the formula used to estimate PASP from the TR jet?
• What echocardiographic finding suggests increased right-sided pressures with consequent septal position changes?
• To mitigate foreshortening due to poor apex visualization, what is recommended?
• What is the normal peak velocity range for the aortic valve (AOV)?
• End-suboptimal endocardial definition; what step is reasonable?
• What does EROA indicate in AR assessment?
• Role of echocardiography in the postoperative cardiac surgery patient?
• The study of the physical principles governing blood flow and circulation is called?
• Which DE excursion value is outside the normal range?
• Typical echo features of myocarditis?
• What is a common limitation of 3D echocardiography in routine practice?
• LA volume index in diastolic function assessment?
• What is the normal systolic pressure of the left ventricle?
• What is the normal right atrial pressure?
• CW has range ______.
• What do S', E', and A' velocities measure in tissue Doppler imaging?
• What is the normal range of the aortic cross-sectional area (ACS) measurement?
• Left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) color flow direction is typically what?
• PV/AoV regurgitation look like on Doppler?
• How is TAPSE measured?
• Transesophageal echocardiography best visualizes which posterior cardiac structures?
• Doppler shift occurs due to motion of moving objects; which statement is accurate?
• Resistance to flow is determined by _____, _____, and _____.
• Which of the following is a contraindication to pharmacologic stress echocardiography?
• Vmax is converted to ______.
• 3D echocardiography yields more accurate LV volumes and EF than 2D Simpson under what condition?
• The normal diastolic LV dimension is within which range?
• Thick IVS with sparing of LVPW, along with SAM and ASH obstructing LVOT indicates which condition?
• What is the typical normal range for left ventricular ejection fraction by 2D echocardiography?
• What is the formula for the Doppler frequency shift in ultrasound?
• In standard color Doppler mapping, which color indicates flow away from the transducer?
• In color Doppler imaging, which color represents flow away from the transducer in the aortic valve study?
• Velocity may increase due to ______, _______, ____, ______, _____.
• PW has range ______.
• Which parameter has a normal diastolic dimension within 3.8-5.8 cm?
• Mitral valve inflow color flow direction is typically what?
• What are the primary indications and limitations that distinguish transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) from transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)?
• CW Doppler range limitations are described by which term?
• Which Doppler parameter represents the displacement of blood during a cardiac cycle and is derived from integrating velocity over time?
• What are safety considerations for ultrasound contrast?
• What is the normal diastolic pressure of the pulmonary artery?
• In Doppler echocardiography, what does a lower returning frequency indicate about RBC motion relative to the transducer?
• In the PV view, what color indicates flow toward the transducer?
• What is normal flow?
• Which of the following is a sign of right ventricular dysfunction?
• In the pulmonary valve view, which color indicates flow toward the transducer?
• Vena contracta in AR assessment?
• Differentiate pulsed-wave Doppler and continuous-wave Doppler in measuring valve velocities.
• Which specialized ultrasound technique is used to assess myocardial motion and function?
• What is the normal left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVIDs)?
• How is pulmonary hypertension evaluated by echocardiography?
• Right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) color flow direction is typically what?
• What is the normal range of D-E excursion?
• Explain the PISA method for quantifying mitral regurgitation.
• What is the formula used in the PISA method for MR to compute the EROA and regurgitant volume?
• In color Doppler imaging, high velocity toward flow often appears as which hue?
• What is the normal peak velocity range for the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT)?
• For strain analysis, which imaging parameter is essential to optimize?
• How is agitated saline contrast used to detect intracardiac shunts?
• In Doppler analysis, mean velocity is used to estimate which of the following measures?
• What is the normal range for the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure?
• AV/PV opens at the _____ and closes at the _____
• What is the normal diastolic pressure of the left ventricle?
• An e/e' ratio greater than 14 is most consistent with which finding?
• Which color denotes flow away from the transducer in the pulmonary artery view?
• Nyquist Limit is defined as half of which Doppler parameter?
• Which color would you typically see for normal flow away from the transducer?
• Which artifact is commonly observed in transesophageal echocardiography?
• Which parameter is abbreviated as VTI?
• T wave indicates ______
• Which quantity can be obtained by converting mean velocity into a pressure-related value?
• Which term defines the resistance to the flow of a fluid?
• What is the normal range for left ventricular ejection fraction?
• Which of the following is not a standard color Doppler flow direction term?
• Change in velocity profile when exiting a vessel of reduced diameter (increase in area=decrease in velocity).
• What is the normal systolic pressure of the pulmonary artery?
• In Doppler echocardiography, what does a higher returning frequency indicate about RBC motion relative to the transducer?
• In the AVA continuity equation, which velocity-time integral is used for the aortic jet?
• What is the normal range of left atrial (LA) size?
• Define vena contracta and its role in grading MR severity.
• How is mitral valve area estimated by the pressure half-time method?
• Fluttering of the mitral valve is known as which phenomenon?
• In plug flow, velocity distribution across cross-section is
• What is E/e' and its clinical significance?
• Which statement about color flow mapping is true?
• What is a key advantage of 3D echocardiography for assessing the mitral valve morphology prior to surgery?
• Which of the following sets lists the causes of systolic flow disturbances?
• Typical signs of restrictive cardiomyopathy on echo?
• What are the normal right ventricular pressures in systole and diastole?
• What is the mean left atrial pressure value mentioned?
• Which components are used to evaluate a suspected paravalvular leak around a prosthetic heart valve by echocardiography?
• Right ventricular inflow tract (RVIT) color flow direction is typically what?
• Systolic Anterior Motion (SAM) of the mitral valve is most commonly associated with which condition?
• In tissue Doppler imaging, which pairing of velocities correctly describes their corresponding motions?
• Random and chaotic forward flow; found beyond an obstruction or plaque.
• Change in velocity profile when entering into a vessel of reduced diameter (decrease in area=increase in velocity).
• Which of the following is NOT a determinant of resistance to flow?